Division of external walls in the building:
• Load bearing (Design) – Carry vertical loads (from roofs, ceilings, Balconies) and horizontal (from the wind) and transfer them to the foundation benches.
• Unstable (shielding) – They only carry their weight, they can also act as an additional stiffening.

Division of internal walls in the building:
• Load bearing – They transfer loads from the ceilings and transfer them to the foundation benches.
• Departmental – They share larger rooms, whose dimensions result from the arrangement of the structural walls of the building into smaller. They only carry their weight and possible horizontal forces (for example. from the violent resistance of man), are a burden on the ceiling, on which they stand.

In modern construction, such solutions of external walls dominate, in which the thermal insulation function is separated from the load carrying function. Such separation is due to the different properties of the materials:
– materials with good thermal insulation properties generally have low strength,
– materials with high structural strength, with a compact structure, conduct heat well, which badly insulates the interior.

Modern exterior wall, meeting the requirements of thermal protection of the building, consists of the following layers:
• Interior finish – Wet plaster or drywall,
• Carrier layer (structural) – Brick, hollow blocks, reinforced concrete, wooden or steel construction,
• insulating layer (thermal insulation, vapor barrier) – Most often mineral wool or polystyrene, however, technologies are also available, in which structural elements simultaneously play the role of thermal insulation (for example. blocks made of ceramics or blocks of aerated concrete),
• Outer cladding layer – Exterior plaster, brick veneer or various types of façade cladding.

Optimal arrangement of layers in the outer wall in terms of building physics:
• interior finish – for example. cement-lime internal plaster
• load-bearing layer (structural) – for example. ceramic hollow brick wall
• insulating layer – for example. thermal insulation made of façade mineral wool
• finishing the external facade